Slightly related but this project (FEX) is amazing. I've been running Armada OS on multiple ARM handhelds and they're viable little linux machines now except with amazing battery life.
Most problems I run into are anti cheat related (EAC, etc.) but those can be circumvented for now. Feels kind of insane how far x86 emulation has come.
For reference , Fex is a translation framework for x86 to ARM much like Apple’s Rosetta2 and Microsoft’s Prism.
Valve sponsor development as it’s also the way the new Steam Frame supports x86 games. It’s also being used (as a fork) in Crossover Beta to replace the use of Rosetta2.
This is what Android does with Dalvik/Android Runtime. Apps you download from the store are compiled to bytecode that is then compiled to native code at installation time.
With the compilation making use of the native instruction set supported for your device, so it can make use of newer arm instructions on newer devices while still supporting older devices.
This is the major reason app installation is so slow in Android compared to iOS (which pre-compiles everything). But it also greatly improves app compatibility with older versions.
There is no way Valve would be able to convince all the myriad of game engine developers to support a proprietary (or even open source) bytecode format even in the future. Best they could do is make it an opt-in.
Android only pulled it off because Google provides the "engine" (Android SDK) for all apps made for the platform and it did from the start.
And even so, most Androids games actually bypass this system entirely and just hand-compile to native binaries anyway. Because, again, the game engines don't want to support this bytecode format and google doesn't offer a C++ toolchain themselves that the engine developers could integrate with.
I don't know, but assumed that Valve doesn't require studios to recompile their software or use any special tooling, it's basically just packaging of existing executables. This is also why they do Windows on Linux emulation.
Because even with their effective monopoly they don't have the power to bully developers into doing whatever suits Valve. And it would be disastrous for the industry if they did.
The intro of this article repeats the common assertion that
> ARM is the most relaxed, allowing significant hardware optimizations; and x86 is the most strict, enforcing a very strong coherency model that doesn’t allow a lot of room for optimization
As noted in the article, Apple solved this problem six years ago by simply adding an x86-compatible memory ordering mode to their chip when x86 emulation became important. Yet another way Apple's chips lead the industry.
Great article ! This is the kind of content I always hope to find on HN's front page.
I really wonder how things are organized at Apple to allow for vertical integration to work so well. That feature alone must have involved so many people from so many different teams.
Slightly related but this project (FEX) is amazing. I've been running Armada OS on multiple ARM handhelds and they're viable little linux machines now except with amazing battery life.
Most problems I run into are anti cheat related (EAC, etc.) but those can be circumvented for now. Feels kind of insane how far x86 emulation has come.
For reference , Fex is a translation framework for x86 to ARM much like Apple’s Rosetta2 and Microsoft’s Prism.
Valve sponsor development as it’s also the way the new Steam Frame supports x86 games. It’s also being used (as a fork) in Crossover Beta to replace the use of Rosetta2.
Why doesnt Stream require their binaries to be compiled to some bytecode and transpiled during the install ?
THen they wouldnt require any emulator for any new compiles.
> Why doesnt Stream require their binaries to be compiled to some bytecode and transpiled during the install ?
They still have to support the entire back-catalog. It's not reasonable to expect thousands of existing games to port to ARM
This is what Android does with Dalvik/Android Runtime. Apps you download from the store are compiled to bytecode that is then compiled to native code at installation time.
With the compilation making use of the native instruction set supported for your device, so it can make use of newer arm instructions on newer devices while still supporting older devices.
This is the major reason app installation is so slow in Android compared to iOS (which pre-compiles everything). But it also greatly improves app compatibility with older versions.
There is no way Valve would be able to convince all the myriad of game engine developers to support a proprietary (or even open source) bytecode format even in the future. Best they could do is make it an opt-in.
Android only pulled it off because Google provides the "engine" (Android SDK) for all apps made for the platform and it did from the start.
And even so, most Androids games actually bypass this system entirely and just hand-compile to native binaries anyway. Because, again, the game engines don't want to support this bytecode format and google doesn't offer a C++ toolchain themselves that the engine developers could integrate with.
Games use plenty of native code; so much in fact that when Intel tried to enter the Android tablet market with x86 they had to write an ARM emulator.
I don't know, but assumed that Valve doesn't require studios to recompile their software or use any special tooling, it's basically just packaging of existing executables. This is also why they do Windows on Linux emulation.
Because even with their effective monopoly they don't have the power to bully developers into doing whatever suits Valve. And it would be disastrous for the industry if they did.
Several games in their library are actually just game updater/launcher binaries, which manage their associated game assets and binaries externally.
Existing games will not be recompiled for the new bytecode target, and they want all of those games to work regardless.
They do
x86 bytecode is bytecode
that bites
because there's no gaming-oriented toolchain for it
The intro of this article repeats the common assertion that
> ARM is the most relaxed, allowing significant hardware optimizations; and x86 is the most strict, enforcing a very strong coherency model that doesn’t allow a lot of room for optimization
but I've seen some compelling arguments that a relaxed model doesn't necessarily have much of a benefit, https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2026/08/25/memory-ordering-in-...
As noted in the article, Apple solved this problem six years ago by simply adding an x86-compatible memory ordering mode to their chip when x86 emulation became important. Yet another way Apple's chips lead the industry.
Well well well “modeless” has decided to finally see the light of modes
And as noted in the article, while that helps a lot with most of the issues, there are some corner-cases they still don't handle.
The word "simply" is doing a lot of work there
Great article ! This is the kind of content I always hope to find on HN's front page.
I really wonder how things are organized at Apple to allow for vertical integration to work so well. That feature alone must have involved so many people from so many different teams.